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Durham

Located in northeastern England, Durham is both a metropolitan region (based on 2011 built-up area) and a former city (district), unitary authority, and historic county. Durham County's seat of government located here.

The peninsula in a bend of the River Wear is where the city's historic center may be found. William I the Conqueror (reigned 1066–1087 AD) selected this natural defensive place as a fortification and bastion against the Scots to the north; hence, the feudal prince-bishops of Durham were given responsibility for defending northern England from that point on. Constructed in order to guard the peninsula's northernmost short neck, the castle served as a bishop's palace up until the year 1836. In the 1200s, the peninsula was protected with a wall, much of which is still standing today. In addition to its defensive importance, medieval Durham served as a major pilgrimage destination due to the presence of St. Cuthbert's (7th century) remains in the city's Romanesque cathedral (begun in 1093 and dedicated to Christ and Blessed Mary the Virgin). In 1986, UNESCO recognized the city's historic core as a World Heritage site.

During the Middle Ages, the city was firmly under the control of the church, which represented the bishop's expansive secular authority. In ancient times, the constable (law officer) of the bishops' castle oversaw the fortified peninsula portion. Elvet was located on the eastern bank of the river, under the control of a Benedictine monastery that had been founded in Durham in 1083. (suppressed in 1540). Situated near St. Nicholas and Framwellgate, the bishops ruled the area. In the 12th century, the northernmost neighborhood of St. Giles became a borough in its own right. Durham's bishops were pivotal in the city's rise to prominence as a center of learning. It was a bishop who was responsible for establishing the University of Durham in 1832 and for appropriating the castle for university use in 1836; Durham School was established in the 15th century. The institution has grown from its original, tight location on the peninsula to include land to the south of the river. The university's School of Oriental Studies houses significant collections of East Asian items in the Oriental Museum (established in 1960 as the Gulbenkian Museum of Oriental Art and Archaeology).

Durham, the modern county seat, continues to serve as a religious and educational hub in keeping with its historic roots. The city's close proximity to the metropolitan areas of Tyne and Wear and Redcar and Cleveland has hampered the growth of the marketing and service sectors of the local economy. The city of Durham is home to a number of carpet and organ manufacturing facilities. However, it is not and has never been an industrial hub. Instead, it has long been the region's political and cultural hub. Suburban neighborhoods and rural areas surround the city's historic core.

Geography

The Market Place, at the tip of the peninsula, is still the site of regular markets, and the Durham Indoor Market, a year-round indoor market, is conveniently located nearby. One of the city's primary commercial and shopping districts is located in and around the Market Place. The Bailey extends south from the Market Place, through the Palace Green, and is largely controlled by the University and the Cathedral.

Symbolically built upon seven hills, Durham is a hilly city. The cathedral, situated as it is on an elevated platform above the Wear, is visible from all throughout town. The densely wooded riverbanks add to the city's scenic attractiveness. Another river, the River Browney, originates west of the city center and flows south to converge with the Wear to the city's south.

Saddler Street leads south-east towards Elvet Bridge, the Bailey, and Prebends Bridge; these are three of the ancient roadways that branch off from the Market Place. The Bailey can reach south Durham via the smaller Prebends Bridge, while the Elvet neighborhood, Durham Prison, and the south may be reached via the larger Elvet Bridge. From the Market Place, you can take Silver Street west to reach the city's other major commercial district, North Road, through the Framwellgate Bridge. From here, the city stretches out into the mostly residential neighborhoods of Framwelgate, Crossgate, Neville's Cross, and the viaduct. Framwellgate Moor and Neville's Cross are two neighborhoods on the outskirts that can be reached by crossing the viaduct. From the Market Square, you may reach Claypath by heading north. The route doubles back to the east, where you may find Dragonville, Gilesgate, and Gilesgate Moor.

Durham is totally encircled by green belt as it is a part of the larger Tyne and Wear Green Belt area, which extends beyond the city limits of Framwellgate Moor/Pity Me, Elvet, and Belmont. This is done to prevent the city of Chester-le-Street from encroaching upon neighboring villages including Bearpark, Great Lumley, and Sherburn. Raintonpark Wood, Belmont Viaduct, Ramside Hall, Durham City Golf Course, the River Wear, Browney and Deerness basins, and the Durham University Botanic Gardens are only some of the landscape features and facilities found within the green belt area. The original design dates back to the 1990s.

England, UK Description

England is the UK's largest constituent unit, occupying more than half of the island. Despite its political, economic, and cultural legacy, England is no longer a governmental or political unit. 

With its rich soil and crisscrossing network of rivers and streams, England has been and remains a thriving agricultural economy. England became the epicenter of the global Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, quickly rising to the top of the global industrialization rankings. Manufacturing industries in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool turned raw materials into finished goods for export. London, the country's capital, became one of the world's most important cities, a hub for a global political economy. The London metropolitan area continues to be Europe's financial center and a hotbed of innovation, particularly in the fields of popular culture.

At the same time, the UK is a place with a very developed tourism industry. The culture and scenery of the UK attract a lot of tourists to come for vacation all year round. If you also want to travel to the UK or have been there and want to leave some traces of your visit, you can try to customize Custom Keyrings with a UK theme, such as the British flag, Buckingham Palace, etc.  Customized keychains can be carried with you and retain beautiful travel memories.

One of the most fundamental features of the English language is its diversity within a limited compass. Even England's most remote regions are accessible by car or train within a day's drive or train ride of London. Many English people identify with the regions or shires from which they are descended—for example, Yorkshire, the West Country, or the Midlands—and maintain strong ties to those regions even if they live in other parts of the country. Some differences exist, but many more, especially as England transitioned from a rural to an urban society, began to fade after 1945. The country's island location has shaped the English character, which values social harmony, social harmony, and good manners that ensure orderly relations in a densely populated landscape, among other characteristics.

During the dismantling of Britain's vast overseas empire in the mid-20th century, England suffered an identity crisis, and much attention has been paid to discussions of "Englishness"—that is, what it means to be English in a country that now has large immigrant populations from many former colonies and is far more cosmopolitan than insular. Although influenced by other cultures, English culture is distinct and difficult to define. The Lion and the Unicorn by George Orwell, a self-described "revolutionary patriot" who chronicled politics and society in the 1930s and 1940s, makes this observation. 

Geographical Description of England

Except for Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire in the east, England's topography is low-lying but rarely flat. The area has many rolling hillsides, with the highest elevations in the north, north-west, and southwest. Intricate underlying structures have resulted in intricate patterns in the landscape. The oldest sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks (found in isolated granite hills) are found in Cornwall and Devon, while the most recent alluvial soils are found in the Fens of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk. Both the sandstone and limestone bands that separate these two regions date from prehistoric times when large sections of central and southern England were submerged under warm seas. Geological forces lifted and folded some of these rocks, forming northern England's spine. Scafell Pike, England's highest point, stands at 3,210 feet (978 metres) and is part of the world's highest mountain range. The northern mountains are mostly slate, while the southern mountains are mostly lava flows. Mountain ranges have developed from the North Downs at 965 feet (294 meters) to the Cotswolds at 1,083 feet (330 meters).

The Chiltern Hills, North Yorkshire Moors, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds, and Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds were rounded into distinctive plateaus with west-facing escarpments during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). A land bridge connecting Britain to the rest of Europe was engulfed as the last glacial sheet melted. The retreating glaciers left behind gravel, sand, and glacial mud, further altering the land surface. Rain, rivers, and tides, as well as subsidence, have shaped the hills and coastline of eastern England. Limestone, gritstone, and carboniferous strata plateaus are associated with major coalfields, some visible as surface outcrops.

A great example of England's geologic complexity is its cliff structure. The chalk cliffs of Dover are made up of a series of sedimentary rocks of varying ages that start at Land's End in the far southwest and end at the Isle of Wight. The English coastline is dotted with cliffs, bays, and river estuaries that add to the overall beauty of the landscape. 

England's weather is as varied as its topography. The average temperature in England, like other temperate maritime zones, is moderate, ranging from around 35 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) in January to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius) in July in the Thames river valley (32 degrees Celsius). Tacitus, the Roman historian, described it as "unpleasant" with "frequent rains and mists but no extreme cold." However, the higher elevations of England receive snow for roughly 50 days out of the year. In fact, the northwest and southwest of England are particularly "wet". These areas receive less than 30 inches (750 mm) of rain per year and are frequently subject to severe drought. Rainfall averages only 20 inches in parts of the southeast (500 mm). The weather has influenced English art and literature not only seasonally but also day-to-day and even hour-to-hour. The bumbershoot's moniker as the stereotypical English gentleman's walking stick is not accidental.

The Economy of England

In the 18th and 19th centuries, England's economy was primarily agricultural until the Industrial Revolution transformed it into a highly urbanized and industrialized region as a result of the Industrial Revolution. A result of the close proximity of coal and iron ore deposits, heavy industries (iron and steel, textiles, and shipbuilding) sprang up in the north-eastern counties, and they continue to thrive today. During the 1930s, the Great Depression and foreign competition both contributed to a decline in manufactured goods production and an increase in unemployment in the industrial north, which contributed to the Great Depression. Residents of these northern counties who were out of work were forced to relocate south to London and its environs. Because of urbanization and industrialization, the southeast has become dominated by industries such as automotive, chemical, electrical, and machine tool manufacturing. Despite the fact that population growth and urbanization significantly reduced farmland in England during the twentieth century, the geographical counties of Cornwall, Devon, Kent, Lincolnshire, Somerset, and North Yorkshire have retained a significant proportion of their agricultural land.

Another period of industrial decline occurred in the late twentieth century, during which coal mining was virtually phased out and job losses in industries such as iron and steel production, shipbuilding, and textile manufacturing were particularly severe. The decline of these industries had a disproportionately negative impact on the economies of the north and the Midlands, while the economies of the south remained relatively prosperous. By the turn of the twenty-first century, the service sector had taken over as the dominant sector of the English economy, with banking and other financial services, retail, distribution, media and entertainment, education, health care, and hotels and restaurants among the leading sectors.