London

With a population of nearly 9 million, London is not only the capital but also the largest metropolis in England and the United Kingdom. The city of London, England, has been a major population center for almost 2000 years. It is located on the Thames River in south-east England, at the beginning of an estuary that extends for 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the North Sea.  The City of London, the original settlement and modern financial hub, dates back to Roman times when it was known as Londinium and now lies within boundaries largely unchanged since medieval times. Westminster, a district to the west of the City of London, has been the seat of administration and parliament for hundreds of years. Since the 19th century, "London" has also been used to refer to the metropolitan area around this center, which is called Greater London and is mostly made up of the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire and is managed by the Greater London Authority.

London's prominence as a global city means that it has an outsized impact on many different industries, including the visual and performing arts, the fashion industry, the business sector, the healthcare industry, the media, the sciences, the travel industry, and the means of transportation and communication.

In terms of gross domestic product (€801.66 billion in 2017), it is the largest urban economy in Europe and one of the world's main financial centers. In 2021, London surpassed all other cities in terms of the number of its rich residents. University College London, Imperial College London, and London School of Economics are just a few of the world-class schools located in Europe's most densely populated area, which also boasts the largest concentration of other types of universities. The London airport system is the busiest in the world, while the London subway system is the oldest in the world. When it comes to 5-star hotels, London easily tops the list as the most-visited city in the world.

More than three hundred languages are spoken in London's incredibly varied cultural community.

Greater London's [about 9 million people as of mid-2018] made it Europe's third-most populated city, accounting for 13.4 percent of the United Kingdom's population and more than 16 percent of England's. Approximately 9.8 million people called the Greater London Built-up Area home as of the 2011 census, making it the fourth most populated in Europe. London is considered a megacity due to its metropolitan area's 2016 population of about 14 million people, ranking it third most populated in Europe.

The historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time, is one of London's four World Heritage Sites along with the Tower of London, Kew Gardens, the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St. Margaret's Church. Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St. Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square are also popular tourist destinations in London. The British Museum, the National Gallery, the Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, the British Library, and countless West End theaters are just a few of London's many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural sites. Wembley Stadium hosts the annual FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon are also notable sports events that take place in London. When London hosted the Summer Olympics in 2012, it set a record by being the first city to ever hold three Olympic Games.

Geography

London, commonly known as Greater London, is the largest subregion of the city of London and one of England's nine regions. At one time, "London" referred to the entire city, which was centered on the City of London. However, the Corporation of London rejected attempts to merge the City with its suburbs as the metropolitan area expanded, leading to many definitions of "London."

The London post town encompasses 40 percent of Greater London; addresses in this area often include the word "LONDON." While some outside districts are not included and some are just outside the London area code's coverage, the London area code (020) covers a broader area, roughly the same size as Greater London. Greater London's border now generally follows the M25 highway.

The Metropolitan Green Belt presently prevents any further urban expansion, while some of the built-up region now stretches outside the boundary, creating the uniquely designated Greater London Urban Area. The large London commuting area lies beyond this. Inner London and Outer London are two distinct parts of Greater London, with a core London area that is more of a loose designation than a legal one. Approximately 51°30′26′′N 00°07′39′′W, the ancient Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross between the confluence of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall is considered the notional center of London. The geographic heart of London can be found in the borough of Lambeth, specifically 0.1 miles (150 m) north-east of Lambeth North Tube Station.

Climate

London enjoys a mild, pleasant, oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Since at least 1697, when records were first kept at Kew, the city's rainfall has been meticulously documented. In November 1755, Kew had 7.4 inches (189 mm) of precipitation, while December 1788 and July 1800 received zero inches (0.0 mm) of precipitation each. The April 1893 rainfall total for Mile End was also zero inches. We have recorded a total rainfall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) in the wettest year of 1903 and a total rainfall of 12.1 inches (308 mm) in the driest year of 1921. About 600 millimeters of rain falls each year; that's less than half the annual precipitation of New York City and less than Rome, Lisbon, and Sydney, Australia, combined. London may only average 39.2 inches of rain per year, but it still has 109.6 days of rain per year (defined as at least one millimeter of rain). While the United Kingdom as a whole is susceptible to climate change, London in particular is particularly at risk, and hydrological specialists are growing increasingly concerned that London residents may run out of water before 2050.

London's hottest day on record was July 19, 2022, when Heathrow Airport registered a scorching 40.2 degrees Celsius (104.4 degrees Fahrenheit); the coldest day on record was January 1, 1962, when Northolt Airport registered a frigid 16.1 degrees Celsius (30.0 degrees Fahrenheit). Atmospheric pressure readings have been recorded in London since 1692. For the record, on January 20, 2020, the pressure reached 1,049.8 mbars (31.00 inHg).

It gets warm to hot in the summers. A typical high temperature in London for the month of July is 23.5 degrees Celsius (74.3 degrees Fahrenheit). On average, London has 31 days a year with temperatures at or above 25 degrees Celsius (77.0 degrees Fahrenheit), and 4.2 days with temperatures at or over 30.0 degrees Celsius (86.0 degrees Fahrenheit). As a result of the persistent heat that plagued Europe in 2003, hundreds of people perished. Many deaths were attributed to the heat in 1976 when England saw a similar run of 15 days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F). A prior August 1911 reading of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) at the Greenwich station was later rejected as abnormal. Infrequent but significant summertime droughts are also a concern, as was the case in 2018's sweltering heatwave and the subsequent significantly drier-than-average conditions that persisted from May through December. There was a record-breaking dry spell of 73 days in the spring of 1893.

Little fluctuation in temperature characterizes the winters here. It rarely snows heavily, yet every winter brings at least one snowstorm. Seasons like spring and fall often have lovely weather. London's central business district can be as much as 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the surrounding suburbs and outskirts due to the city's high population and the resulting urban heat island effect. This is demonstrated below in a comparison between London Heathrow, which is located around 24 kilometers west of London, and the London Weather Centre.

Economy

The City, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden and Islington, Lambeth and Southwark, and the boroughs of Southwark and Camden are the five main commercial hubs in London. Comparing the square footage of respective offices can provide some insight into their relative importance. In 2001, there were 27 million square meters of office space in Greater London, with 8 million square meters located in the City alone. London home prices are among the highest in the world. According to a 2015 research from international property journal, the London office market is the most costly in the world. In 2015, the value of London's residential property was $2.2 trillion, equal to Brazil's GDP for the entire year.

London Tourism

London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It is a global city with a rich history and culture. London is a popular tourist destination, with millions of visitors coming to the city each year to see its famous landmarks, museums, and shopping districts.

Here are some of the top tourist attractions in London:

Buckingham Palace: Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the British monarch. Visitors can tour the State Rooms during the summer months.

Tower of London: The Tower of London is a historic castle that has been used as a royal palace, a prison, and an execution site. Visitors can see the Crown Jewels, the White Tower, and the Bloody Tower.

British Museum: The British Museum is one of the world's largest and most comprehensive museums. It has a collection of over eight million objects from all over the world, including the Rosetta Stone, the Parthenon Sculptures, and the Egyptian mummies.

Natural History Museum: The Natural History Museum is a museum dedicated to the natural world. It has a collection of over 80 million specimens from plants, animals, fossils, minerals, and rocks, including dinosaur skeletons, the blue whale skeleton, and the Darwin Centre.

Science Museum: The Science Museum is a museum dedicated to science and technology. It has a collection of over 300,000 objects from all over the world, including the Apollo 10 command module, the Stephenson's Rocket locomotive, and the IMAX cinema.

Victoria and Albert Museum: The Victoria and Albert Museum is a museum dedicated to art and design. It has a collection of over 2.3 million objects from all over the world, including the Raphael Cartoons, the Great Bed of Ware, and the Fashion Galleries.

Tate Modern: The Tate Modern is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is housed in a former power station and has a collection of works by artists such as Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol, and Henri Matisse.

Tate Britain: The Tate Britain is a museum of British art, from the 16th century to the present day. It has a collection of works by artists such as J.M.W. Turner, William Hogarth, and David Hockney.

London Eye: The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel that offers stunning views of the city. Visitors can see the Houses of Parliament, the Tower of London, and Buckingham Palace from the top of the wheel. 

Houses of Parliament: The Houses of Parliament are the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Visitors can tour the Houses of Commons and the House of Lords.

Westminster Abbey: Westminster Abbey is a Gothic abbey church that has been the coronation church for British monarchs since 1066. It is also a popular burial place for British monarchs, poets, and scientists. Visitors can see the tombs of many famous people, including William Shakespeare, Isaac Newton, and Stephen Hawking.

London is also home to a number of other popular tourist attractions, such as the Tower Bridge, Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square, and Buckingham Palace Road. The city also has a vibrant theater scene, with a wide variety of shows to choose from.

London is a great place to visit for people of all ages and interests. The city has something to offer everyone, from history and culture to shopping and entertainment.

Surrey

To the east lies Kent, to the southeast is East Sussex, to the south is West Sussex, to the west is Hampshire, to the northwest is Berkshire, and to the northeast is Greater London. Surrey is a county in South East England. Surrey, with a population of around 1.2 million, is the Southeast's third-most populous county after Hampshire and Kent and the 12th-most populous in England.

As counties go, Surrey is one of the wealthier ones. Its percentage of forest cover is the greatest among English counties. It is a golfer's paradise, with several courses and the Wentworth International Golf Championships held there.

Even though Guildford is commonly thought of as the county town, the Surrey County Council has been located at Woodhatch Place in Reigate since 2020 (it had been located at County Hall in Kingston upon Thames from 1893).

Geography of Surrey

The North Downs, a chalky mountain stretching east to west through Surrey, effectively cuts the county in half. The ridge is cut through by the tributary rivers Wey and Mole that flow into the Thames, which once served as the county's northern border but has since been redrawn, leaving a portion of the river's north bank within the county's borders. To the north of the Downs, within the Thames basin, the landscape is quite flat. Here, London Clay is found in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west, and alluvial deposits along the rivers; these three types of rock make up the majority of the region's geology.

The sandstone Surrey Hills are to the south of the Downs in the western portion of the county; the plain of the Low Weald stretches eastward, rising in the far southeast to the edge of the hills of the High Weald.

As you travel south from the Downs, you'll encounter a concentric pattern of geological deposits that includes southern Kent and the majority of Sussex and is primarily made up of Wealden Clay, Lower Greensand, and the chalk of the Downs.

A sizable portion of Surrey is protected as part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. It's home to precious swaths of untouched, old-growth forest (reflected in the official logo of Surrey County Council, a pair of interlocking oak leaves). Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner, and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons are just a few of the numerous scenic areas in the area.

With a forest cover of 22.4% compared to the average of 11.8% across England, Surrey stands out as one of the few counties that does not encourage the establishment of new forests by its subordinate planning authorities. The natural box woods atop Box Hill is one of the oldest in Europe and the oldest in the United Kingdom. In 2020, Surrey Heath boasted 41% tree cover, more than any other English district. In the western part of the county, on sandy soils, is where you'll find the greatest concentration of lowland heath in all of England.

Due to the lack of need for intensive farming, the landscape is dotted with commons and access areas, and the area is crisscrossed by a web of scenic long-distance trails like the North Downs Way. As a result, Surrey features a sizable contemporary horse population in addition to a wide variety of rural and semi-rural recreational opportunities.

Leith Hill, near Dorking, is Surrey's highest point. It stands at 295 meters (968 feet) above sea level and is the second-highest point in the southeast of England, behind Walbury Hill in West Berkshire, which is at 297 meters (974 ft).

Economy of Surrey

The high concentration of financial services jobs in Surrey contributes to the city's relatively high median income.

More British organizations and businesses call Surrey home than any other county.

The headquarters of Canon, Toshiba, Samsung, and Philips, as well as wholesalers Burlodge, Future Electronics, Kia Motors, and Toyota UK, pharmaceutical giants Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis, and oil behemoth Esso are located here. Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Superdrug, Nestlé, SC Johnson, Kimberly-Clark, Colgate-Palmolive, and Colgate-Palmolive all have their European or UK headquarters in this city. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) including World Wildlife Fund UK and Compassion in World Farming have offices in the area as well.

England, UK Description

England is the UK's largest constituent unit, occupying more than half of the island. Despite its political, economic, and cultural legacy, England is no longer a governmental or political unit. 

With its rich soil and crisscrossing network of rivers and streams, England has been and remains a thriving agricultural economy. England became the epicenter of the global Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, quickly rising to the top of the global industrialization rankings. Manufacturing industries in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool turned raw materials into finished goods for export. London, the country's capital, became one of the world's most important cities, a hub for a global political economy. The London metropolitan area continues to be Europe's financial center and a hotbed of innovation, particularly in the fields of popular culture.

At the same time, the UK is a place with a very developed tourism industry. The culture and scenery of the UK attract a lot of tourists to come for vacation all year round. If you also want to travel to the UK or have been there and want to leave some traces of your visit, you can try to customize Custom Keyrings with a UK theme, such as the British flag, Buckingham Palace, etc.  Customized keychains can be carried with you and retain beautiful travel memories.

One of the most fundamental features of the English language is its diversity within a limited compass. Even England's most remote regions are accessible by car or train within a day's drive or train ride of London. Many English people identify with the regions or shires from which they are descended—for example, Yorkshire, the West Country, or the Midlands—and maintain strong ties to those regions even if they live in other parts of the country. Some differences exist, but many more, especially as England transitioned from a rural to an urban society, began to fade after 1945. The country's island location has shaped the English character, which values social harmony, social harmony, and good manners that ensure orderly relations in a densely populated landscape, among other characteristics.

During the dismantling of Britain's vast overseas empire in the mid-20th century, England suffered an identity crisis, and much attention has been paid to discussions of "Englishness"—that is, what it means to be English in a country that now has large immigrant populations from many former colonies and is far more cosmopolitan than insular. Although influenced by other cultures, English culture is distinct and difficult to define. The Lion and the Unicorn by George Orwell, a self-described "revolutionary patriot" who chronicled politics and society in the 1930s and 1940s, makes this observation. 

Geographical Description of England

Except for Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire in the east, England's topography is low-lying but rarely flat. The area has many rolling hillsides, with the highest elevations in the north, north-west, and southwest. Intricate underlying structures have resulted in intricate patterns in the landscape. The oldest sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks (found in isolated granite hills) are found in Cornwall and Devon, while the most recent alluvial soils are found in the Fens of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk. Both the sandstone and limestone bands that separate these two regions date from prehistoric times when large sections of central and southern England were submerged under warm seas. Geological forces lifted and folded some of these rocks, forming northern England's spine. Scafell Pike, England's highest point, stands at 3,210 feet (978 metres) and is part of the world's highest mountain range. The northern mountains are mostly slate, while the southern mountains are mostly lava flows. Mountain ranges have developed from the North Downs at 965 feet (294 meters) to the Cotswolds at 1,083 feet (330 meters).

The Chiltern Hills, North Yorkshire Moors, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds, and Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds were rounded into distinctive plateaus with west-facing escarpments during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). A land bridge connecting Britain to the rest of Europe was engulfed as the last glacial sheet melted. The retreating glaciers left behind gravel, sand, and glacial mud, further altering the land surface. Rain, rivers, and tides, as well as subsidence, have shaped the hills and coastline of eastern England. Limestone, gritstone, and carboniferous strata plateaus are associated with major coalfields, some visible as surface outcrops.

A great example of England's geologic complexity is its cliff structure. The chalk cliffs of Dover are made up of a series of sedimentary rocks of varying ages that start at Land's End in the far southwest and end at the Isle of Wight. The English coastline is dotted with cliffs, bays, and river estuaries that add to the overall beauty of the landscape. 

England's weather is as varied as its topography. The average temperature in England, like other temperate maritime zones, is moderate, ranging from around 35 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) in January to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius) in July in the Thames river valley (32 degrees Celsius). Tacitus, the Roman historian, described it as "unpleasant" with "frequent rains and mists but no extreme cold." However, the higher elevations of England receive snow for roughly 50 days out of the year. In fact, the northwest and southwest of England are particularly "wet". These areas receive less than 30 inches (750 mm) of rain per year and are frequently subject to severe drought. Rainfall averages only 20 inches in parts of the southeast (500 mm). The weather has influenced English art and literature not only seasonally but also day-to-day and even hour-to-hour. The bumbershoot's moniker as the stereotypical English gentleman's walking stick is not accidental.

The Economy of England

In the 18th and 19th centuries, England's economy was primarily agricultural until the Industrial Revolution transformed it into a highly urbanized and industrialized region as a result of the Industrial Revolution. A result of the close proximity of coal and iron ore deposits, heavy industries (iron and steel, textiles, and shipbuilding) sprang up in the north-eastern counties, and they continue to thrive today. During the 1930s, the Great Depression and foreign competition both contributed to a decline in manufactured goods production and an increase in unemployment in the industrial north, which contributed to the Great Depression. Residents of these northern counties who were out of work were forced to relocate south to London and its environs. Because of urbanization and industrialization, the southeast has become dominated by industries such as automotive, chemical, electrical, and machine tool manufacturing. Despite the fact that population growth and urbanization significantly reduced farmland in England during the twentieth century, the geographical counties of Cornwall, Devon, Kent, Lincolnshire, Somerset, and North Yorkshire have retained a significant proportion of their agricultural land.

Another period of industrial decline occurred in the late twentieth century, during which coal mining was virtually phased out and job losses in industries such as iron and steel production, shipbuilding, and textile manufacturing were particularly severe. The decline of these industries had a disproportionately negative impact on the economies of the north and the Midlands, while the economies of the south remained relatively prosperous. By the turn of the twenty-first century, the service sector had taken over as the dominant sector of the English economy, with banking and other financial services, retail, distribution, media and entertainment, education, health care, and hotels and restaurants among the leading sectors.